一年多次GRE考试试题下载中心

(D) encompass more than the effects on the buyers and sellers alone

A C D E B C A C

Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease: these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all. Such externalities lead to nonoptimal resource allocation, because the private net product and the social net product of market activity are not often identical. If all externalities were internalized, transactions would occur until bargaining could no longer improve the situation, thus giving an optimal allocation of resources at a given time.

(A) a specific directive

(C) reflect an optimal allocation of natural resources

(C) Intervening in the activity of the free market

(A) All technology-control methods would be effective.

24. On the basis of the passage, it can be inferred that the author would aGREe with which of the following statements concerning technological development?

20. It can be inferred from the passage that the author does NOT favor which of the following?

18. The author cites air pollution from motor vehicles in lines 54-56 in order to

(C) an optimal resource allocation

Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources. When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity. There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them.

21. A gasoline-conservation tax on the purchase of large automobiles, with the proceeds of the tax rebated to purchasers of small automobiles, is an example of

(E) technological innovations making it possible to achieve optimum allocation of resources

(A) The government should own technological operations.

(B) The effect of technological development cannot be controlled.

(A) Protecting the environment for future use

(E) commend technological research undertaken for the common welfare

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23. The author assumes that, in determining what would be an optimal allocation of resources, it would be possible to

2014年GRE阅读练习题及答案汇总

(E) Causing technological development to cease

(E) an external cost

2014年GRE考试阅读备考练习题

(D) an alteration of a decision-making structure

(C) Some technological developments are beneficial.

(C) convince buyers to bear the burden of damage from technological developments

(B) a market incentive modification

(B) evaluate legal methods used to prevent technological developments

(B) give rise to ever-increasing resource costs

(C) economic procedures for facilitating transactions between buyers and sellers

(A) assign monetary value to all damage resulting from the use of technology

(D) predict the costs of new technological developments

(D) Some decision-making structures would be altered.

17. The passage is primarily concerned with describing

22. If there were no external costs, as they are described in the passage, which of the following would be true?

(B) Changing the balance of power between opposing interests in business

(E) The availability of common goods would increase.

(D) Making prices reflect costs to everyone in society

(C) give examples of costs not included in buyer-seller bargains

(B) combine legal methods to yield the theoretical optimum

(A) revise cost estimates calculated by including the costs of resources

(E) derive an equation making costs depend on prices

(D) reasons for slowing the technological development in light of environmentalist objections

(A) objectives and legal method for directing technological development

(D) refute hypotheses not made on the basis of monetary exchange values

(E) are guided by legal controls on the development of technology

Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures. Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation. Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance. Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.

(E) Applications of technological developments are criminally destructive.

(C) Prices would include all costs to members of society.

(B) technical approaches to the problem of controlling market activity

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(A) are harmful when all factors are considered

19. According to the passage, transactions between private buyers and sellers have effects on society that generally

(D) The current state of technological development results in a good allocation of resources.

(B) Some resource allocations would be illegal.